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AIDS VIH, proteins inactiv virus CCR5 .................

CCR5-Δ32 es una mutación de deleción de un gen que tiene un impacto específico sobre la función de células T . CCR5-Δ32 is widely dispersed throughout Northern Europe and in those of Northern European descent . CCR5-Δ32 está muy disperso por todo el norte de Europa y en los del Norte de ascendencia europea . It has been hypothesized that this allele was favored by natural selection during the Black Death . Se ha hipotetizado que este alelo se vio favorecido por la selección natural durante la Muerte Negro . This coalescence date is contradicted by purported evidence of CCR5-Δ32 in Bronze Age samples, at levels comparable to the modern European population. [ 8 ] Research from The University of California at Berkeley published in 2003 indicates that smallpox may be another candidate for the high level of the mutation in the European population. [ 6 ] Esta fecha coalescencia se contradice con supuestas pruebas de CCR5-Δ32 en bronce muestras de edad, a niveles comparables a la población europea moderna. [8] La investigación de la Universidad de California en Berkeley, publicado en 2003 indica que la viruela puede ser otro candidato a la alta nivel de la mutación en la población europea. [6]

The allele has a negative effect upon T cell function, but appears to protect against smallpox and HIV . Yersinia pestis was demonstrated in the laboratory not to associate with CCR5. El alelo tiene un efecto negativo sobre las células T función, pero parece proteger contra la viruela y el VIH . Yersinia pestis se demostró en el laboratorio de no asociarse con CCR5. Individuals with the Δ32 allele of CCR5 are healthy, suggesting that CCR5 is largely dispensable. Los individuos con el alelo Δ32 del CCR5 son saludables, lo que sugiere que CCR5 es en gran parte prescindibles. However, CCR5 apparently plays a role in mediating resistance to West Nile virus infection in humans, as CCR5-Δ32 individuals have shown to be disproportionately at higher risk of West Nile virus in studies, [ 9 ] indicating that not all of the functions of CCR5 may be compensated by other receptors. Sin embargo, CCR5 parece representar un papel en la mediación de la resistencia al virus del Nilo Occidental infección en humanos, como individuos-CCR5 Δ32 han demostrado ser desproporcionadamente mayor riesgo de virus del Nilo Occidental en los estudios, [9] lo que indica que no todas las funciones de CCR5 puede ser compensado por otros receptores.

While CCR5 has multiple variants in its coding region, the deletion of a 32-bp segment results in a nonfunctional receptor, thus preventing HIV R5 entry; two copies of this allele provide strong protection against HIV infection. [ 10 ] This allele is found in 5-14% of Europeans but is rare in Africans and Asians . [ 11 ] Multiple studies of HIV-infected persons have shown that presence of one copy of this allele delays progression to the condition of AIDS by about 2 years. Mientras CCR5 tiene múltiples variantes en su región codificante, la eliminación de un segmento de resultados pb-32 en un receptor no funcional, evitando así la entrada del VIH R5, dos copias de este alelo proporcionar una fuerte protección contra la infección por el VIH. [10] Este alelo se encuentra en 5-14% de los europeos , pero es raro en los africanos y los asiáticos . [11] Varios estudios de las personas infectadas por el VIH han demostrado que la presencia de una copia de este alelo retrasa la progresión a la condición de SIDA en alrededor de 2 años. CCR5-Δ32 decreases the number of CCR5 proteins on the outside of the CD4 cell, which can have a large effect on the HIV disease progression rates . CCR5-Δ32 disminuye el número de proteínas CCR5 en el exterior de la célula CD4, que puede tener un gran efecto sobre la progresión de las tasas de infección por VIH . It is possible that a person with the CCR5-Δ32 receptor allele will not be infected with HIV R5 strains. Es posible que una persona con el alelo del receptor CCR5-Δ32 no estarán infectados con el VIH cepas R5. Several commercial testing companies offer tests for CCR5-Δ32. Varias empresas comerciales ofrecen pruebas de las pruebas de CCR5-Δ32.

In 2008, German doctors announced that an HIV-infected leukemia patient had received a bone marrow transplant from a donor who is homozygous for the CCR5-Δ32 trait. En 2008, médicos alemanes anunciaron que una persona VIH-infectados leucemia paciente había recibido un trasplante de médula ósea de un donante que es homocigota para el rasgo-Δ32 CCR5. After 600 days, the patient was healthy and had undetectable levels of HIV in the blood and in examined brain and rectal tissues. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Before the transplant, low levels of HIV X4 , which does not use the CCR5 receptor, were also detected. Después de 600 días, el paciente estaba sano y tenían niveles indetectables de VIH en la sangre y en examinar los tejidos cerebrales y del recto. [12] [13] Antes del trasplante, los bajos niveles de VIH X4 , que no utiliza el receptor CCR5, se también se detecta. Following the transplant, however, this type of HIV was not detected either, further baffling doctors. [ 14 ] However, this is consistent with the observation that cells expressing the CCR5-Δ32 variant protein lack both the CCR5 and CXCR4 receptors on their surfaces, thereby conferring resistance to a broad range of HIV variants including HIV X4. [ 15 ] In 2009, researchers at the University of Pennsylvania began enrolling HIV-positive patients in a clinical trial in which the patients' cells will be genetically modified to carry the CCR5-Δ32 trait and then reintroduced into the body as a potential HIV treatment. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Después del trasplante, sin embargo, este tipo de VIH no fue detectada, más médicos desconcertante. [14] Sin embargo, esto es consistente con la observación de que las células que expresan la variante de la proteína CCR5 Δ32 falta-tanto el CCR5 y CXCR4 receptores en su superficie, lo que confiere resistencia a una amplia gama de variantes del VIH, incluido el VIH X4. [15] En 2009, investigadores de la Universidad de Pennsylvania comenzó a inscribir a pacientes VIH-positivos en un ensayo clínico en el que los pacientes las células serán genéticamente modificados para llevar el CCR5 Δ32 rasgo, y luego volver a introducirse en el cuerpo como un potencial tratamiento contra el VIH. [16] [17]

 

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