REVIEW part I a

Nuclear receptors that are activated by hormones or other proteins activate specific DNA receptors called hormone-sensitive elements (HREs), which are DNA sequences that are located in the promoter region of the genes that are activated by the Hormone-Receptor complex. o Protein-Receptor [PR]. As this complex activates the transcription of certain genes, these hormones or proteins are also called inducers of gene expression. Activation of gene transcription is much slower than signals that directly affect existing proteins. As a consequence, the effects of certain hormones or proteins that bind to nuclear receptors occur in the long term. However, the transduction signal through soluble receptors affects only some proteins.

The receptors linked to enzymes, are a set of receptors that base their functional model on the increase of enzymatic activity. A protein binds to the receptor and causes a specific enzymatic activity at the intracellular level:

Receptors of the epidermal growth factor: ErbB

Receptors of the neurotropic factor derived from the glial cell line: GFRa

Receptors of natriuretic peptides: NPR

Receptors of neurotrophins: Trk.

Transmembrane receptors:

1- With intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, are receptors of most of the growth factors and the insulin receptor.

These receptors have an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a transmembrane domain and an intracellular domain with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. When it binds to the ligand, the receptor dimerizes, which induces the autophosphorylation of the tyrosines of the intracellular domain and activates the tyrosine kinase, which phosphorylates (activates) many effector molecules in cascade, in a form or by adapter proteins.

These receptors can activate different signaling cascades such as cascades of MAP Kinases (Mitogen-Activated-Protein), with activation of the GTP binding protein called Ras, synthesis and activation of transcription factors such as FOS and JUN, which stimulate the production of new GROWTH FACTORS, of RECEIVERS for said factors and of PROTEINS that control the entry into the cell in the cell cycle.

The PI3K cascade (phosphoinositol 3-kinase), which activates AKT kinase, is involved in cell proliferation and cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis.

2-Receptors that lack intrinsic activity that recruit kinases, in this group include the receptors of many cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-3, Interferon alpha, beta and gamma, erythropoietin (EPO), growth hormone and prolactin . The transmission of the signal of these receptors causes the activation of members of the family called JAK (Janus kinases), these kinases activate cytoplasmic transcription factors called STATs (Signal Transducers and activation of transcription), which are translocated to the nucleus and activate the transcription of specific genes. In other cases, these receptors activate the MAP kinase cascade.

3-The receptors coupled to G proteins, base their functional model on signal transduction: a protein binds to the receptor and generates a cascade of signals that leads to a specific biological behavior. There are 6 subtypes of receptors coupled to G proteins, which are distinguished by their protein similarity, mechanism or function.

Among them the Frizzled receiver. (Kumar, MBBS et.al 2009, Abul Abbas, MBBS et al., 2009, Nelson Fausto, MD and Jon Aster, MD (2009).

With whole blood and human plasma, from young donors, it has been shown that all molecular mechanisms are activated, signaling cascades, AKT signaling, CREB signaling, PI3K signaling, Reeling protein levels will increase with protective effect, levels of factors of increased growth, increased cytokine levels, activation or increase in gene expression, increase in the number of receptors and their activation, increase in SIRTUINS1-7; increases the activity of deacetylation transferase, regulation of acetyl CoA synthetase at the nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial levels, fulfilling different functions such as regulation of metabolism, inflammation, cell cycle and tumorigenesis, insulin secretion, detoxification, DNA repair, TNF secretion, transcription of the rDNA, (Yamamoto H, Schoonjans K, et al., 2007; Jiang H., Khan S. Wang ... et al., 2013); there are changes in the EPIGENOMA, acetylation of Histone H3K4Me3 ... .H3K27Me3, generally associated with the expression of genes), increase in the neuroprotection in the functions of Histone deacetylase SIRT6, blocking GSK3, with the consequent degradation of the toxic protein TAU , (Kaluski et al., 2017). All increases of certain proteins and enzymes is not in the pathological sense, quite the opposite.

Whole young blood (16 and 25 years), differs from adult blood (older than 25 years) in its composition, in the levels of certain proteins as growth factors (discovered to date some 200, from the growth factor Ambn ( ameloblastin) to Wisp2 growth factor (WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 2), increased levels of cytokines, chemokines CCL, CCL1 to CCL28, chemokines CXC, CXCL1 to CXCL17, chemokines CC, XCL1 to XCL2, chemokines CX3C , CX3CL1, (Laing, Secombes et al.2004)

Conclusions: This blood difference by age and determined genetic profiles activates all molecular mechanisms, signaling cascades, genes, synthesis of new proteins, increase in the number of receptors and their activation, adult cells are reprogrammed transforming into pluripotent cells similar to embryonic ones, generating healthy new cells and tissue.

As a consequence, the speed of regeneration of all tissues and organs, especially the brain, heart, skeletal muscles, etc., is increased and the power of the immune system is increased.

Whole blood and plasma, since we are born is very useful, first umbilical cord blood, and all that can be obtained throughout our lives, mainly up to 25 years of age, cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen, so that it can be used by each one of us or for others.

The young plasma of young donors between 16 and 25 years with a defined genetic profile, can be used immediately or cold-stored, the freeze-dried method, its effectiveness must be tested with respect to the freshly extracted fresh plasma, the lyophilized restituted with physiological solution.

The governments will have to implement new regulations on the matter, in terms of obtaining, and how to use it, for its high regenerative power, taking into account that this blood or plasma, allows the reestablishment of all molecular mechanisms, restoring health, achieving a welfare balance, for example, the obtaining of this blood will be a real obligation, on the part of the universities, where it will be done with the entrance to all the public or private universities, being implemented the obtaining in the mobile units of blood collection that will go to the Universities for that purpose.

With this mechanism young blood and plasma of very good quality will be obtained, as a consequence the blood banks will have enough stock to meet all.

Being very useful, in the treatment of aging, diseases related to age, brain and heart mainly, bones for osteoporosis, striated muscle.