Le blog de rodolfo

The polyamines putrescine, spermine, and spermidine are ubiquitous polycationic mediators of cell growth and differentiation. Spermidine synthase is one of four enzymes in the polyamine-biosynthetic pathway and carries out the final step of spermidine biosynthesis. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of putrescine to spermidine using decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine as the cofactor. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008].

SRM (Spermidine Synthase) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with SRM include Sleeping Sickness and Chagas Disease. Among its related pathways are superpathway of L-citrulline metabolism and L-methionine salvage cycle III. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include protein homodimerization activity and spermidine synthase activity. An important paralog of this gene is SMS.

Catalyzes the production of spermidine from putrescine and decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine (dcSAM). Has a strong preference for putrescine as substrate, and has very low activity towards 1,3-diaminopropane. Has extremely low activity towards spermidine.

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function:

Catalyzes the production of spermidine from putrescine and decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine (dcSAM). Has a strong preference for putrescine as substrate, and has very low activity towards 1,3-diaminopropane. Has extremely low activity towards spermidine.

Spermidine can be used in electroporation while transferring the DNA into the cell under the electrical impulse. May be used for purification of DNA-binding proteins.

Spermidine is also used, along with calcium chloride, for precipitating DNA onto microprojectiles for bombardment with a gene gun.[17]

Spermidine has also been reported to protect the heart from aging and prolong the lifespan of mice, while in humans it was correlated with lower blood pressure.[18] It also was found to reduce the amount of aging in yeast, flies, worms, and human immune cells by inducing autophagy.[19]

Spermidine may play a role in male and female fertility.[20] Fertile men have higher spermidine levels than men who are infertile,[21] and spermidine supplementation has been shown to help maintain a healthy hormone balance and reduce oxidative stress.[22]

Spermidine is commonly used for in vitro molecular biology reactions, particularly, in vitro transcription by phage RNA polymerases,[23] in vitro transcription by human RNA polymerase II,[24] and in vitro translation.

Spermidine increases specificity and reproducibility of Taq-mediated PCR by neutralizing and stabilizing the negative charge on DNA phosphate backbone.

Spermidine is, at physiological pH, a polycationic reagent that aids in enzyme digestion by forcing apart DNA molecules.

American Heritage Dictionary Retrieved 2014-11-18.

 Minois, Nadège (28 January 2014). "Molecular Basis of the "Anti-Aging" Effect of Spermidine and Other Natural Polyamines – A Mini-Review". Gerontology. 60 (4): 319–326. doi:10.1159/000356748. PMID 24481223.

 Madeo F, Eisenberg T, Pietrocola F, Kroemer G (2018). "Spermidine in health and disease". Science. 359 (6374): eaan2788. doi:10.1126/science.aan2788. PMID 29371440.

 Ramot, Yuval; Tiede, Stephan; Bíró, Tamás; Abu Bakar, Mohd Hilmi; Sugawara, Koji; Philpott, Michael P.; Harrison, Wesley; Pietilä, Marko; Paus, Ralf (27 July 2011). "Spermidine Promotes Human Hair Growth and Is a Novel Modulator of Human Epithelial Stem Cell Functions". PLOS ONE. 6 (7): e22564. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...622564R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022564. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3144892. PMID 21818338.

 Hu, J; Mahmoud, MI; El-Fakahany, EE (1994). "Polyamines inhibit nitric oxide synthase in rat cerebellum". Neuroscience Letters. 175 (1–2): 41–5. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(94)91073-1. PMID 7526294. S2CID 37856308.

 Wan, CY; Wilkins, TA (1993). "Spermidine facilitates PCR amplification of target DNA". PCR Methods and Applications. 3 (3): 208–10. doi:10.1101/gr.3.3.208. PMID 8118404.

 Cull, M; McHenry, CS (1990). Preparation of extracts from prokaryotes. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 182. pp. 147–53. doi:10.1016/0076-6879(90)82014-S. ISBN 978-0-12-182083-1. PMID 2107372.

 Blethen, SL; Boeker, EA; Snell, EE (1968). "Argenine decarboxylase from Escherichia coli. I. Purification and specificity for substrates and coenzyme". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 243 (8): 1671–7. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)93498-8. PMID 4870599.

 Wu, WH; Morris, DR (1973). "Biosynthetic arginine decarboxylase from Escherichia coli. Subunit interactions and the role of magnesium ion". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 248 (5): 1696–9. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)44246-4. PMID 4571774.

 Tabor, CW; Tabor, H (1984). "Polyamines". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 53: 749–90. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.003533. PMID 6206782.

 Krug, MS; Berger, SL (1987). First-strand cDNA synthesis primed with oligo(dT). Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 152. pp. 316–25. doi:10.1016/0076-6879(87)52036-5. ISBN 978-0-12-182053-4. PMID 2443800.

 Karkas, JD; Margulies, L; Chargaff, E (1975). "A DNA polymerase from embryos of Drosophila melanogaster. Purification and properties". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 250 (22): 8657–63. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)40721-7. PMID 241752.

 Bouché, JP (1981). "The effect of spermidine on endonuclease inhibition by agarose contaminants". Analytical Biochemistry. 115 (1): 42–5. doi:10.1016/0003-2697(81)90519-4. PMID 6272602.

 Ali, Mohamed Atiya; Poortvliet, Eric; Strömberg, Roger; Yngve, Agneta (2011). "Polyamines in foods: development of a food database". Food Nutr Res. 55: 5572. doi:10.3402/fnr.v55i0.5572. PMC 3022763. PMID 21249159.

 Ciba-Geigy, ed. (1977), "Sperma", Wissenschaftliche Tabellen Geigy (in German) (8 ed.), Basel: CIBA-GEIGY Limited, vol. Teilband Körperflüssigkeiten, pp. 181-189

 "Brochure on Polyamines, rev. 2" (PDF). Japan: Oryza Oil & Fat Chemocial Co., Ltd. 2011-12-26. Retrieved 2013-11-06.

 T.M. Klein; T. Gradziel; M.E. Fromm; J.C. Sanford (1988). "Factors influencing gene delivery into Zea mays cells by high–velocity microprojectiles". Nature Biotechnology. 6 (5): 559–63. doi:10.1038/nbt0588-559. S2CID 32178592.

 Eisenberg, Tobias; Abdellatif, Mahmoud; Schroeder, Sabrina; Primessnig, Uwe; Stekovic, Slaven; Pendl, Tobias; Harger, Alexandra; Schipke, Julia; Zimmermann, Andreas (2016). "Cardioprotection and lifespan extension by the natural polyamine spermidine". Nature Medicine. 22 (12): 1428–1438. doi:10.1038/nm.4222. PMC 5806691. PMID 27841876.

 Eisenberg T, Knauer H, Schauer A, Büttner S, Ruckenstuhl C, Carmona-Gutierrez D, et al. (November 2009). "Induction of autophagy by spermidine promotes longevity". Nat. Cell Biol. 11 (11): 1305–14. doi:10.1038/ncb1975. PMID 19801973. S2CID 3126330.

 "The Ultimate Spermidine Guide: Benefits, Side Effects & How To Take". Prohormones. Retrieved 2022-07-29.

 "Polyamines on the Reproductive Landscape". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2022-07-29.

 Li, Bo; Hu, Xiaopeng; Yang, Yanzhou; Zhu, Mingyan; Zhang, Jiong; Wang, Yanrong; Pei, Xiuying; Zhou, Huchen; Wu, Ji (2019-09-06). "GAS5/miR-21 Axis as a Potential Target to Rescue ZCL-082-Induced Autophagy of Female Germline Stem Cells In Vitro". Molecular Therapy. Nucleic Acids. 17: 436–447. doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2019.06.012. ISSN 2162-2531. PMC 6637212. PMID 31319247.

 Frugier M, Florentz C, Hosseini MW, Lehn JM, Giegé R (July 1994). "Synthetic polyamines stimulate in vitro transcription by T7 RNA polymerase". Nucleic Acids Res. 22 (14): 2784–90. doi:10.1093/nar/22.14.2784. PMC 308248. PMID 8052534.

 Mertelsmann R (June 1969). "Purification and some properties of a soluble DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from nuclei of human placenta". Eur. J. Biochem. 9 (3): 311–8. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1969.tb00610.x. PMID 57

95512.

..